Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> (MXene) disrupts growth and development in <i>Daphnia magna</i> by suppressing related genes and inducing gut microbiome dysbiosis.

3.4 Gut microbial community diversity Exposure to high concentrations of Ti 3 C 2 T x showed a trend toward increased diversity and richness of the intestinal microbial community in D. magna ( Figure 3 ).

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Similarly, exposure to 0.01 mg/L Ti 3 C 2 T x showed no significant effect on the Shannon index, whereas 1 mg/L Ti 3 C 2 T x exposure exhibited an increasing trend in the Shannon index ( Figures 3C , D ).

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