The Contribution of Executive Functions to Spelling: A study in L1 Arabic and English as a Foreign Language.

J Psycholinguist Res · 2026 · PMC12932388 · PMID 41733747

Europe PMC DOI

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closest p

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approaching significanceno p-value reported

Across all predictor tasks, performance was numerically higher in eighth grade compared to fifth grade, likely due to maturation and schooling, with most effects being significant or approaching significance except for two effects.

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marginally significantno p-value reported

Results demonstrated that working memory showed a marginally significant contribution to spelling in Arabic, but not in English, whereas inhibition and shifting did not significantly predict spelling in either language.

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did not reach conventional levels of significanceno p-value reported

While the p-value did not reach conventional levels of significance, the trend suggests that there may be a relationship between WM and spelling abilities.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.