Association between smoking behaviours during early pregnancy and the severity of gestational diabetes mellitus: a secondary analysis of prospectively collected cohort data in Korea.

BMJ Open · 2026 · PMC12933771 · PMID 41734931

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although secondhand smoke exposure did not reach statistical significance, the trend suggested a potential association with GDM risk among never-smokers.

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