Research on the impact of different teaching methods on students' spatial ability and three-dimensional geometric thinking.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC12935921 · PMID 41768186

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

However, there were significant differences between the front-side and back-test SA scores of different SA groups, and all showed an increasing trend.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

It should be emphasized that these differences did not reach statistical significance, so they should be interpreted as descriptive patterns rather than confirmatory evidence.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.