Comparison of Urinary Tract Infection Rates Associated with Different Catheterization Methods Following Major Pelvic or Abdominal Surgery: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

When compared with IFC, IC demonstrated an estimated effect of −0.27 (95% CrI, −1.37 to 0.86), indicating no statistically significant difference but suggesting a possible trend toward lower outcome risk.

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In our Bayesian network meta-analysis, both SPC and IC showed trends toward lower UTI risk compared with IFC; however, the certainty of evidence remained low due to wide credible intervals, and differences did not reach statistical significance.

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