Effects of Tablet Tilt Angle on Hand and Wrist Muscle Activation During Digital Handwriting: A Cross-Sectional Electromyographic Study in University Students.

J Clin Med · 2026 · PMC12942503 · PMID 41753202

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.4200

closest p · 8.4× alpha

0.4200

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.420not close (p > 0.1)

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) activation displayed an incremental increase as tablet inclination rose (0°: 29.93 ± 15.95% MVIC, 95% CI [21.10, 38.76]; 20°: 31.67 ± 16.06% MVIC, 95% CI [22.78, 40.56]; 60°: 34.15 ± 18.35% MVIC, 95% CI [23.99, 44.31]); however, this trend did not reach statistical significance (χ 2 = 1.73, p = 0.420, Kendall’s W = 0.058). 3.2.2.

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