Caffeine Exposure Modulates Trophoblast Differentiation and Estradiol Synthesis.

Toxics · 2026 · PMC12945251 · PMID 41745835

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although differences between caffeine concentrations did not reach statistical significance, both transcripts exhibited a dose-dependent trend, with expression levels at 1 mM caffeine comparable to those induced by FSK.

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