Associations of forest vs. urban environmental exposure with well-being and nasal microbiome composition: An exploratory pilot study.

2B ) revealed no difference between groups pre-exposure, W = 9, p = .12, but a marginally significant difference post-exposure, W = 6, p = .05.

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No clear association was observed between change in richness and change in rumination, and a weak trend was observed for the association between increased richness and increased mental well-being, β = 0.02, robust Wald 95% CI: 0.007–0.05, p = .14.

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While the interaction did not reach statistical significance, and thus we cannot reject the null hypothesis that change in mean score from pre- to post-exposure was equivalent for the urban and forest groups, these results suggest a differential pattern wherein the forest group showed increased mental well-being over time while the urban group did not. 3.3.

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Moreover, the forest group exhibited greater post-exposure taxonomic richness at a marginally statistically significant level and significant enrichment of taxa previously associated with well-being (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia ).

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