China data on the burden of alcohol-associated liver cancer from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021.

Despite the greatest increase in the percentage change in primary liver cancer cases and deaths between 1990 and 2019 in regions with high SDI, there was an increasing trend in ASIR and a stable trend in ASMR for primary liver cancer.

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In terms of the overall trend of the ASR data from 1990 to 2021, the ASIR and ASDR values for male liver cancer patients were greater than 1, whereas the ASIR and ASDR values for females were less than 0.7; in terms of the ASDAR, it fluctuated above a constant 25 for males, whereas it was below a constant 18 for females and generally showed a decreasing trend over time ( Figure 4a ).

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Such a clear trend of gender difference in the data in Figure 2 indicates that men are at high risk of developing A-LC in China.

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