High-performance eco-concrete beams with calcined montmorillonite, metakaolin pyrolyzed coffee grounds, and hybrid fibers for enhanced bending strength and microstructural refinement.

The transition from SSFM1 to SSFM2 and SSFM3 demonstrates a clear trend: stiffness increases proportionally with steel fiber content when supported by a refined matrix [ 38 , 46 , 68 – 70 ].

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This highly significant p-value (p ≪ 0.001) confirms that the variation in flexural responses cannot be attributed to random experimental scatter but is instead driven by the intrinsic differences among mix compositions.

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