Immuno-neural mechanisms in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis: bridging inflammation, neural regulation, and therapeutic innovation.

Front Immunol · 2025 · PMC12963285 · PMID 41799687

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Alarmingly, despite an overall decline in age-standardized incidence rates, early-onset gastrointestinal malignancies in individuals under 50 years of age show an increasing trend, potentially linked to modern lifestyle factors and the obesity epidemic ( 3 ).

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showed a trendno p-value reported

A phase II clinical trial evaluating propranolol combined with chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer showed a trend toward prolonged median survival in the combination treatment group ( 70 ). 7.2.2. 5-HT receptor antagonists The 5-HT/HTR2B signaling pathway plays an important role in colorectal cancer stem cell maintenance ( 16 ).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.