Prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and liver injury among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in the Upper East Region of Ghana.

BMC Infect Dis · 2026 · PMC12973631 · PMID 41645131

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

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closest p · 1.0× alpha

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boldest claim

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borderline significantp = 0.050actually significant

There was also a borderline significant difference by residence, with higher HBV seroprevalence observed among urban dwellers compared to rural participants (14.9% vs. 7.3%; p = 0.050).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In contrast to HBV, HCV was more frequent among females (5.0%), though the association did not reach statistical significance.

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