Comparative lobe-specific histomorphometric evaluation of pulmonary architecture, fibrosis, and alveolar macrophage distribution in swine raised under different management systems.

In the middle lobe, alveolar wall thickness was markedly greater in the beta-agonist-free rearing group (56.57 ± 4.30 μm) than in both the hygienic (29.51 ± 4.30 μm) and free-range (27.16 ± 4.30 μm) groups, with highly significant differences observed for both comparisons (p = 0.0000) (Figures 1B and 1D ).

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In the middle lobe, AMD values were 13.56 ± 2.92, 19.56 ± 3.01, and 13.63 ± 3.01 cells/area in the hygienic, beta-agonist-free rearing, and free-range groups, respectively, showing a trend toward higher macrophage density in the beta-agonist-free rearing group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (Figures 5B and 5D ).

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