There is a clear trend from 1-Eu to 6-Eu in solution: Higher N -oxide- as well as phenanthroline-contents result in shorter radiative lifetimes τ rad and therefore make the emission more competitive compared to nonradiative deactivation processes.
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Mixed Phenanthroline-Bipyridine Europium and Ytterbium Cryptates─Bright Luminophores with Small Radiative Lifetimes.
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