While the addition of cap67 Δ EVs in a range of 10 1 to 10 6 EVs/well showed a trend toward reduced biofilm adhesion (with statistical significance observed only at 10 4 EVs/well) ( Fig. 4E ), incubation of cap67 Δ cells with C. neoformans B3501 EVs induced a clear dose-dependent effect ( Fig. 4F ), enhancing adhesion even at lower concentrations of EVs (10 3 EVs/well) and continuing to increase up to the highest concentration tested (10 9 EVs/well).
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Fungal extracellular vesicles mediate conserved cross-species communication and immunomodulation.
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