Quantifying responses of climatic and anthropogenic factors on vegetation normalized difference vegetation index variabilities over Yellow River Basin, China.

C N D V I S L O P E = ε 1 d E F P R d t + ε 2 d A C T E d t H N D V I S L O P E = R E S 4 Results 4.1 Spatial–temporal variation of annual NDVI 4.1.1 Inter-annual variations of NDVI Figure 3a shows the inter-annual variability of NDVI over the YRB, presenting an increasing trend for the period from 2001 to 2020 ( slope = 0.056 per decade, p < 0.05).

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However, the NDVI showed a decreasing trend in UB_YRB from 2011 to 2020, which differed from the steady rising trend in MB_YRB and LB_YRB. 4.1.2 Spatial changes of multi-year NDVI Based on the 20-year NDVI dataset, the spatial distribution of the average NDVI calculated by ArcGIS10.2 is given in Figure 4 .

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In contrast, approximately 10% of the areas of the YRB had a negative trend of NDVI.

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