TMAO-Triggered Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Microvesicle Release as Mediators of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Osteogenic Differentiation and Vascular Calcification.

Cells · 2026 · PMC12984406 · PMID 41827899

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

EC-EXOs from TMAO-treated ECs induced a concentration-dependent rise in calcification, with 10 μM and 50 μM TMAO EC EXO producing higher staining intensity than that at 1 μM, though differences between TMAO concentrations did not reach statistical significance.

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