highly significantp < 0.01
Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05, and highly significant at p < 0.01.
Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05, and highly significant at p < 0.01.
As shown in Table 3 , the overall physicochemical properties of the prepared LNPs did not exhibit a clear trend across the tested flow rates.
From an overall trend perspective, the majority of components in the PEG 0.5% formulation LNPs are distributed in the upper layer of the gradient column.
Most particles exhibit diameters exceeding 200 nm, with a decreasing trend in zeta potential and poor stability.