Associations of mid-childhood per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and early childhood metals with mid-childhood antibody titers.

56 However, in a study of children ages 3–7 years chronically exposed to multiple heavy metals in an e-waste recycling area of Guiyu, China, children in the high blood copper (upper median value) group had significantly higher odds of having lower antibody titers to tetanus and Japanese encephalitis and higher odds of lower diphtheria, pertussis, and hepatitis B antibody titers, although these did not reach statistical significance. 57 In the study in China, children had higher median plasma copper (919 μg/L exposed group vs. 842 μg/L unexposed group) 57 versus 561 ng/g RBC copper in the Project Viva cohort, although levels between plasma and RBCs are not directly comparable.

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