A clear trend was observed: as bioactive components (HAp, GelMA, and BMSCs) were incorporated into the PCL scaffold, the mRNA expression of these markers progressively increased, with the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs group showing the highest expression for all analyzed genes ( Fig. 4 G).
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Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration.
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