Desertification monitoring in arid oasis environment using Google Earth Engine, machine learning, and field-based hydrogeological assessment.

Compared with the 2010 measurement by Warner et al.,(2013)—when the water table stood at about 12.00 m 37 with a mean electrical conductivity of 2 376 μS/cm and mean TDS of 1 751 mg/L—the 2022 survey reveals a marked trend toward both drawdown and salinization: the average depth has increased to 19.39 m, mean EC has risen to 4 590 μS/cm (an increase of 93%), and mean TDS has climbed to 4.31 g/L (an increase of 146%).

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The analysis revealed a Moran’s I index of 0.4593, with a z-score of 31.17 and a p-value < 0.001, indicating a highly significant and strong positive spatial clustering of NDVI values across the study area.

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