Synergistic effects of combined breathing training and aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary function in chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PeerJ · 2026 · PMC13005616 · PMID 41868797

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

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closest p · 1.0× alpha

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boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep > 0.05actually significant

For the VE/VCO 2 slope, sensitivity analyses showed that the pooled effect did not reach statistical significance regardless of which study was excluded ( p > 0.05), indicating a stable but non-significant overall effect.

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an overall trendno p-value reported

The combined intervention showed an overall trend toward improvement in inspiratory muscle function, and its effects may be influenced by baseline patient characteristics, training intensity, and sex composition.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.