Instant messaging-based digital health interventions for diabetes management: a domain-structured systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

In contrast, although the combined effect direction of the attitude/self-efficacy outcome was positive, the confidence interval was relatively wide and did not reach statistical significance (SMD = 0.887, 95% CI: −0.523 to 2.298), suggesting that there was considerable uncertainty in the research results.

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