Propranolol enhances the oncolytic effect of newcastle disease virus on canine mammary tumor cell by modulating the IFN-I-mediated JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

Although propranolol co-administration showed a decreasing trend in the serum IFN-I levels, only the reduction in IFN- β reached statistical significance compared with N group ( P < 0.05) ( Figure 6A, B ).

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At the protein levels, NDV treatment strongly induced the expression of JAK1, p -JAK1, STAT1, p -STAT1, STAT3 and PKR ( P < 0.05) whereas co-treatment with propranolol significantly inhibited the expression of these proteins, except for STAT1, whose suppression did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 6D, E ). 4.

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