Multi-omics analysis reveals maternal gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and progesterone are associated with offspring birth weight in sows.

Among SCFAs, acetate showed a modest but significant positive correlation with piglet birth weight ( r = 0.20, p = 0.031), whereas isobutyrate showed a positive association with a significant trend ( r = 0.17, p = 0.068) ( Figure 5B ).

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Differences in fecal hormones and SCFA levels associated with piglet birth weight in sows The HBW group exhibited significantly higher fecal concentrations of acetate ( p = 0.005), propionate ( p = 0.034), isobutyrate ( p = 0.007), and valerate ( p = 0.036) compared to the LBW group, and isovalerate ( p = 0.085) showed an increasing trend in the HBW group ( Table 4 ).

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