In a phase 3 trial as a booster, intranasal iNCOVACC was immunogenic and comparable to injectable boosters in serum neutralization; it also showed a trend toward increased salivary IgA, although mucosal antibody differences between intranasal and IM boosters were modest in magnitude[ 74 ].
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Next-generation mucosal vaccines for respiratory viruses: Immunological correlates, platform design and clinical translation.
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