Multidimensional analysis of depression and diabetic kidney disease using GBD, NHANES, and MR.

The inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis indicated a nominally significant association between genetically predicted depressed affect and DKD (OR: 2.452; 95% CI: 1.061–5.671; p = 0.036), while the weighted median method also yielded a statistically significant estimate (OR: 3.709; 95% CI: 1.146–12.003; p = 0.029).

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After excluding SNPs strongly associated with traditional metabolic risk factors, the IVW estimate attenuated to borderline significance (OR: 2.383; 95% CI: 0.976–5.816; p = 0.056) ( Table S4 ; Table 4 ), suggesting diminished statistical support for a robust causal effect.

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