Oral microbiota assessment at different time points during the first year of life: delivery mode and breastfeeding shape the bacterial community.

Int Breastfeed J · 2026 · PMC13020088 · PMID 41612376

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although this substantial difference in initial colonization pattern between delivery modes did not reach statistical significance.

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marginally significantno p-value reported

Consequently, marginally significant results have been included in this discussion to capture potential biological trends.

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highly significantno p-value reported

Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA), using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity metric, confirmed a highly significant difference in community structure across the six pediatric visits (time points: 4–10 days, 1 month, 4 months, 6 months, and 1 year).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.