Efficacy and safety of non-invasive brain stimulation for chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2026 · PMC13023120 · PMID 41896883

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.5300

closest p · 10.6× alpha

0.5300

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.53not close (p > 0.1)

Target-specific analyses indicated significant improvement with M1 stimulation (SMD = − 0.59, 95% CI − 1.15 to − 0.03; p < 0.01), whereas the DLPFC subgroup showed a comparable point estimate but did not reach statistical significance (SMD = − 0.65, 95% CI − 1.15 to − 0.15; p = 0.53).

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