The Impact of AI-Assisted Learning on the Agency of Foreign Language Learners: A Meta-Analysis.

Behav Sci (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13024122 · PMID 41898041

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0900

closest p · 1.8× alpha

0.0900

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.090so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Unlike other agency-related variables, the overall effect of AI-assisted learning on self-efficacy did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.090) and exhibited relatively low heterogeneity.

also in 111,027 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.