The Impact of Multidimensional Warning Messages on Payment Security Behavior Across Different Scenarios.

Behav Sci (Basel) · 2026 · PMC13024239 · PMID 41898115

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0750

closest p · 1.5× alpha

0.2390

boldest claim

The sentences

marginal significancep = 0.075so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Simultaneously, the interaction between potential risk level and warning color approached marginal significance ( Wald χ 2 (2) = 5.188, p = 0.075).

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.239not close (p > 0.1)

However, follow-up simple effects analysis indicated that the advantage of imperative over informative warnings did not reach statistical significance at either the low-risk ( p = 0.239) or medium-risk ( p = 0.236) levels.

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