Notably, reference [ 185 ] conducted a complementary meta-analysis of 23 RCTs restricted to clinically diagnosed psychiatric samples ( n = 1401), finding that probiotics produced substantially larger effects in clinical populations (d = −0.73 for psychiatric samples) compared to community samples, while prebiotics did not reach statistical significance for either depression or anxiety [ 185 ].
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Probiotics as Modulators of Adult Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity: New Perspectives in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Affective Disorders.
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