Single-Step Extrusion Printing of Microgrooved Annulus Fibrosus Scaffolds via Patterned Nozzles.

J Funct Biomater · 2026 · PMC13027382 · PMID 41893196

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0500

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.2500

boldest claim

The sentences

a decreasing trendp > 0.05actually significant

an increasing trendp > 0.05actually significant

Despite this variability, a consistent trend was observed across donors: relative to week 0, scaffolds cultured under control conditions exhibited a decreasing trend in DNA content over time ( p > 0.05), whereas scaffolds cultured with TGF-β3 showed an increasing trend ( p > 0.05) ( Figure 3 e).

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.25not close (p > 0.1)

Compared to the 60 μm patterned nozzle (23.75 ± 3.69%), this corresponded to a moderate effect size (d = 0.60) but did not reach statistical significance (mean difference = 1.79%, 95% CI: −1.43 to 5.02; p = 0.25).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.