Machine Learning Approach to Predict Postoperative Pain and Opioid Usage in Elective Primary Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Study.

J Pain Res · 2026 · PMC13037645 · PMID 41924086

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.7100

closest p · 14.2× alpha

0.7100

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep=0.71not close (p > 0.1)

The standardized pain index (SPI) showed a near-zero positive correlation with ESP use and did not reach statistical significance at the predefined alpha level of 0.05 (p=0.71; Table 2 ).

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