Molecular Engineering of the Helminth TGF-β Mimetics, TGM1 and TGM4, Reveals a Novel Antagonist of TGF-β Signaling in Fibroblasts.

Conversely, substitution of the co‐receptor domains D4‐5 from TGM4 into TGM1 resulted in a modest (2‐fold) increase in potency that was highly significant when comparisons were made at low ligand concentrations of 1–5 ng/mL (Figure 5b ).

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The affinity of TGM4 D3 for TGFBR2 is around 100‐fold lower than that of TGM1 D3 [ 15 ]; when D3 of TGM4 was substituted into TGM1 (1‐1‐4‐1‐1), there was a slight diminution of activity that did not reach statistical significance (Figure 5a ).

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