Enhancing letter recognition in first graders with embedded picture mnemonics: insights from cognitive load and dual coding theories.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC13043441 · PMID 41937816

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0680

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Univariate test results revealed a highly significant and substantial main effect of Group on recognition speed [ F (2, 82) = 22.59, p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.355].

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marginally significantp = 0.068so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.628not close (p > 0.1)

The multivariate main effect of Time was marginally significant [Pillai’s V = 0.064, F (2, 81) = 2.78, p = 0.068, ηp 2 = 0.064], while the Time * Group interaction did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.628).

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