Grazing intensity drives above-belowground productivity trade-offs and reveals belowground dominance in temperate herbaceous marsh wetlands.

Responses of net primary productivity and relative growth rate to different grazing intensities in a herbaceous marsh wetland Grazing intensity exerted a highly significant effect on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) (F 2,42 = 27.21, P < 0.001) ( Figure 4A ).

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The Margalef richness index showed a trend similar to the Shannon-Wiener index (F 2,42 = 42.13, P < 0.001), with the highest species richness observed in MG, followed by HG, while NG had the lowest species richness ( Figure 3C ).

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Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 - -N), electrical conductivity (EC), and soil water content (SWC) all exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing grazing intensity.

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