Grapes and their by-products effects on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, immune response and antioxidant status in broiler chickens - A meta-analysis.

Poult Sci · 2026 · PMC13053995 · PMID 41887174

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0001

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0570

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantP < 0.0001actually significant

The heterogeneity test yielded a highly significant result ( Q = 1052, df = 20, P < 0.0001, τ2 (between-study) = 1417, τ2 (within-study) = 12029), with 89.46% of the total variance ascribed to within-study variation and 10.5% to between-study differences, indicating substantial biological and methodological variability among included studies.

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marginally significantP = 0.057so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The model exhibited marginally significant moderation effects (QM = 13.7, df = 7, P = 0.057) and accounted for all the between-study variance (100%).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

The pooled standardized mean difference for humoral immune indicators was positive but did not reach statistical significance, indicating that grapes supplementation increased antibody responses.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.