marginally significantP = 0.05
Compared with CON, MBE demonstrated a marginally significant effect on improving CE (SMD = 0.97, 95% CI [-0.02, 1.95], P = 0.05), though with considerable heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 79%); HIIT demonstrated markedly superior improvements (SMD = 3.06, 95% CI [2.06, 4.05], P < 0.00001); CT also demonstrated significant efficacy (SMD = 2.17, 95% CI [0.98