When poor sleep hurts most: procrastination as a moderator of the association between sleep quality and academic performance in medical students.

The simple-slope results illustrate the substantive meaning of this interaction more clearly: among students with high procrastination (+1 SD), each unit increase in PSQI score was associated with a 0.69-point decrease in exam performance ( B = −0.69, p < 0.001), whereas among students with low procrastination (−1 SD), the same unit increase in PSQI was associated with only a 0.16-point decrease that did not reach statistical significance ( B = −0.16, p = 0.256).

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