Re-Interpreting Genetic Offset: Quantifying the Least Required Evolutionary Rate Under Climate Change at the Mediterranean Range Margin of European Beech.

Then, we computed F ST 's and performed a Mantel test that resulted in a positive trend in the correlation (Mantel's r = 0.4173, p ‐value = 0.047; Figure 3 ) between geographical and genetic distance, even though that p ‐values varied around 0.05 depending on the permutation. 3.4 Genetic‐Environment Association ( GEA ) Analyses A PCA was conducted on the allele frequencies to identify latent factors within the populations and to assess the potential influence of population structure.

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At SSP585 we observe a clear trend that shows higher offsets at locations that are at the same time more western, more northern, farther from the coast, and surrounded by higher mountains, as climate shifts are expected to be bigger there than near the coast.

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