Coupling urbanization and landscape ecological risk in the agricultural-dominant Liaohe River Basin.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC13062029 · PMID 41946816

Europe PMC DOI

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a positive trendno p-value reported

The CCD has shown a positive trend in recent years, indicating a reduction in the conflict between urbanization and LER.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

The interaction between urbanization and LER showed a trend of strengthening—weakening—strengthening over time, with the highest value appearing in 2000 and the lowest in 2015.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

The proportion of areas with moderate balance generally showed an increasing trend but remained small (1.07–2.49%).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.