From a temporal perspective, baseline samples (circles) are relatively concentrated, representing the baseline community state before engineering disturbance; construction phase samples (triangles) show a significant trend of dispersion, reflecting the increased community heterogeneity caused by construction disturbance; and operation phase samples (squares) differentiate into two subgroups within the on-site area—samples near the pile foundations shift towards the negative direction of the NMDS1 axis (associated with a high proportion of hard substrate), while soft-bottom area samples tend to return to the baseline position 32 .
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Machine learning-based assessment of offshore wind farm impacts on soft-bottom benthic communities in the Shandong Peninsula.
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