Multidimensional biomarker profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of lung cancer: a retrospective observational study.

Front Med (Lausanne) · 2026 · PMC13066139 · PMID 41970393

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Survival analyses demonstrated consistent trends toward reduced overall survival among patients with unfavorable biomarker profiles, including high IL-6/IL-10 ratio, low CD8 + /Treg ratio, low M1/M2 ratio, and elevated ctDNA VAF, although some comparisons did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 4 ).

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