Early-Life Microbiota Modulation and Neurodevelopment in Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Cells · 2026 · PMC13072312 · PMID 41972726

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not clearly significantno p-value reported

Salivary sIgA (mg/g saliva) declined over time in the placebo group, whereas reductions were less pronounced in probiotic-treated infants, although between-group differences were not clearly significant.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Fecal sIgA (mg/g stool) showed a trend toward higher levels in the intervention group and lower levels in the placebo group, with one pre-specified subgroup demonstrating a significant difference in change-from-baseline (intervention +1.12 mg/g vs. placebo −1.02 mg/g).

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