highly significantp < 0.001
Within-group analysis showed the IG achieved highly significant longitudinal improvements in pain and psychological discomfort (all p < 0.001).
Within-group analysis showed the IG achieved highly significant longitudinal improvements in pain and psychological discomfort (all p < 0.001).
For GOHAI, while total scores showed a positive trend ( p < 0.10), the psychosocial domain was significantly superior in the intervention group at both 1 month (Adjusted p = 0.008) and 3 months (Adjusted p = 0.010) with a moderate effect size ( η p 2 ≈ 0.10).
Although the correlation between Δwaist circumference and ΔOHIP-14 followed a similar negative trend, it did not reach statistical significance at the 3-month mark (r = −0.176, p = 0.114). 4.