Soil environment, physiological metabolism and ornamental traits of Zinnia response to water and nitrogen combination in a cold and arid environment.

Among them, N2 and N3 treatments reached a significant ( P < 0.05) level and a highly significant ( P < 0.01) level compared with CK, respectively.

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However, after applying N2 or N3 level of urea, the enzyme activities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of irrigation volume.

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Meanwhile, excessive nitrogen application increases the risk of soil degradation, inhibits soil enzyme activities, and leads to a decreasing trend in organic matter content.

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The average daily temperature during the 2024 and 2025 growth seasons generally showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing one.

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