Modulating the gut microbiota to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical perspectives.

In a cohort of melanoma patients receiving ICI therapy, those who self-reported using over-the-counter probiotics demonstrated poorer treatment responses, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. 141 It is speculated that certain probiotic strains may inadvertently displace native beneficial microbiota, produce immunosuppressive metabolites, or fail to colonize the gut in cases of dysbiosis.

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