Augmenting Large Language Model With Prompt Engineering and Supervised Fine-Tuning in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging: Framework Development and Validation.

In contrast, for N staging, highly significant differences ( P <.05) were consistently demonstrated across both test sets, indicating statistically meaningful performance disparities.

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In the black-box evaluation, where the difference did not reach statistical significance ( P =.10), the medium-to-large effect size (Cohen ω=0.399) suggests a potential trend, which points to a possible performance difference in detecting distant metastasis evidence in model behavior.

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