Settlement heritage on the Coastal Peninsula: an investigation of the spatiotemporal evolution of Shandong Province via GIS.

By the Ming Dynasty, the density of rural settlement cores in Shandong Province had increased again, and the densely populated areas showed a clear trend of expansion, forming a multi-core agglomeration pattern with the hills in central and southern Shandong and the plains in southwestern Shandong (Zibo, Jinan, Weifang, Linyi, Rizhao, and Zaozhuang; Linyi and Tai’an; Jining; Liaocheng; and the four major urban areas of Yantai, Weihai, and Qingdao) as the core (Fig. 6 d).

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Judging from the changes in the longitude and latitude of the ellipse center, from the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the center of gravity of Shandong Province showed an overall trend of migrating from southwest to northeast in the historical process (Fig. 7 ), indicating that the development of settlements has a clear transfer direction in geographical space.

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